WASHINGTON — Three companies have been selected to study options for providing satellite deorbiting services to the U.S. government as the Pentagon explores whether disposal of aging spacecraft can be purchased from commercial operators rather than handled through a dedicated government capability.

D-Orbit USA, Firefly Aerospace and Katalyst Space received contracts of undisclosed value from the Defense Innovation Unit and the Space Development Agency for a “deorbit-as-a-service” project, the agencies announced. The work is focused on relocating spacecraft that were not designed to be serviced and may be unable to cooperate with an approaching vehicle.

“Through this effort, SDA and DIU are developing a scalable commercial capability to safely rendezvous with, capture and de-orbit unprepared or non-cooperative satellites,” the agencies said. “The selected companies will begin with preliminary design and risk-reduction activities, after which SDA and DIU will together evaluate their technical maturity, mission approach, schedule and affordability before deciding which solution proceeds to a full on-orbit demonstration.”

The awards broaden an SDA effort to develop commercial options for disposing of satellites in its low-Earth-orbit architecture. In 2024, the agency awarded feasibility studies to six companies, including Starfish Space, to examine on-demand deorbit services.

Starfish subsequently received a contract worth $52.5 million to deorbit up to seven spacecraft.

The three new participants enter the competition with different levels of flight experience and different approaches to the central problem of reaching and moving a spacecraft that may not have been built for docking or servicing.

Firefly said Aug. 13 that it proposed using its Elytra maneuvering spacecraft to rendezvous with a client satellite nearing the end of its life, conduct proximity operations and inspection, and carry out the maneuver needed to dispose of it.

Elytra has yet to fly its first mission, although the spacecraft incorporates hardware and software derived from Firefly’s Blue Ghost lunar program.

Katalyst is pursuing perhaps the most directly relevant test of capturing an unprepared spacecraft. Its Link robotic servicing vehicle launched July 3 on NASA’s Swift Boost mission and is intended to rendezvous with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, secure the satellite with robotic arms and raise it to a higher orbit. Link encountered attitude-control problems during commissioning in late July. The company said it uploaded new flight software that restored attitude control using the spacecraft’s remaining actuators, allowing preparations for the mission to continue.

D-Orbit USA is a startup focused on space logistics services, formed in 2024 as a U.S.-based joint venture between Italy’s D-Orbit and a group of American aerospace executives.

DIU and SDA have said a viable deorbit service would have to combine several activities into a repeatable operation: getting a servicer into the correct orbit, locating and approaching a target autonomously, determining its attitude and motion, capturing it without generating debris, and supplying enough propulsion to dispose of the combined mass. It would also have to do so at a price that makes commercial procurement attractive.